The maximum number of fields in an Access recordsource is 255, so that limit applies to Access queries, forms and reports. An Access frontend would not be a viable solution unless the OP uses the suggested Entity Attribute Value design. Creating a column for each answer is not a good design.
SQL-Server has a limit of 1K columns per table, so why would it not be a viable alternative?
docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/sql-server/maximum-capacity-specifications-for-sql-server?view=sql-server-ver15
A possible workaround could be to store all the values as an array within a LongText field and use subscripting to read/write each data element within the array, or simply store each data element as a record within a table. If that's not feasible, then use a db server like SQL-Server which...
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