True that, Micron. And patches can be irregular, though not as much for Win10 as for earlier versions. Usually, if any Win10 discovers that a patch has been published, it wants it NOW if not yesterday.
In the past, we have seen this asymmetric behavior as the result of one machine having its copy of the front-end of the app get corrupted. There is also the chance that you missed something very specific. It is not enough to see that certain references are checked. You need to look at them to see if each one resolves to a valid place on the system and that the physical file name matches across the group of three computers. None of the checked references should say "Missing file" or some other problem like that.
A couple of quick-n-dirty possible fixes:
1. Do a compact & repair on the app file on the miscreant machine
2. Load up the Office disk that contains Access and start an installation. What SHOULD happen is that the Office disk will offer several options, one of which is "Repair." Use that option to repair the Access installation to assure that MSACCESS.EXE is not corrupt.
3. Create a new blank database and copy all elements from the failing DB to the new blank DB.
If none of those work, let us know.