A split database does exactly that. A front-end (mdb program) is on each local PC and a back-data (mdb data) is on a central server or shared PC. Each FE links the tables from the BE.
Simultaneous modification of a BE record can create problems, but with pessimistic locking, that will seldom is ever occur and in which event that condition can be trapped and coded for.
Seach this site for "split database" and you'll find numerous postings.