There is an Access Runtime that can be installed so you can use the database without the full version of Access. It is basically a limited version of Access and is free (the 2007 and 2010 versions).
By limited I mean you cannot make design changes. It will run with all of the features of regular Access but with the exception that it will not be able to make any design changes at all.
Also, if you use a non-compiled file (mdb/accdb) you must provide "bullet-proof" error handling or else it will crash on an unhandled runtime error. However if you use a compiled file (mde/accde) then it is much more lenient with you.
And, with the runtime you have to create your own Ribbons/menus as none are provided for the user unless you create them and assign them.