Banana raised a good point to which I agree at least in large part.
Congress uses taxes as a method of social engineering. Taxes are fairer if we tell Congress to stop screwing around with directed tax breaks. Like, you get x% off for this activity, y% off for that activity, z% credit when doing this... In the land of the free, make your choices without Congress bribing you.
If you have to (in essence) bribe people to use a "governmentally preferred" activity, something is inherently wrong with the preference. If it isn't popular enough for people to do it just because it is a good idea, how good an idea is it for Congress to push it? Don't they follow the will of the people? (Don't answer that....)
To me, a graduated but otherwise unstructured tax is much better. If your income is less than X, no tax. Between X and Y, tax rate 1. Between Y and Z, tax rate 2. No deductions or exemptions for this, that, and the other. Deductions for every American citizen. (Which includes children, so it IS fair to allow deductions for kids.)
How many brackets do you need? Don't claim to know that, but I'd say that the right answer is to determine the "poverty" level and make the 0% bracket equal to either that amount or no more than 1.5 x that amount. Then the next breakpoint would be 3 x that amount. Then maybe 6, 12, 18, whatever. Add 5% at every break. The idiots who are taking down so many millions of bucks as CEOs would LOSE MONEY by accepting that high a salary. And they should lose money, given the performance I'm seeing in general for those fat cats.
There was an article in the newspaper here in N'Awlins regarding the AIG executives who went on a little junket that cost tens of thousands of dollars AFTER they got assistance from the feds. Damn if I wouldn't indict EVERY ONE OF THEM for fiduciary irresponsibility and make them reimburse the company (and therefore the taxpayers). What REALLY frosted my cookies was when one of the execs, questioned about that trip, said they would really TRY to do better. HOLY FLAMIN' GUACAMOLE! I remember Yoda's answer to such a comment. There is no "try." There is only do, or not do. There is no try.
I am also reminded of the great lawman, Buford T Justice, who threatened to "fry your hide in molasses" if you screwed up. Buford, where are you when we need you? (Yeah, I know - chasin' after the Bandit and the Iceman.)