Very good question.
I must admit that I don't know what would have happen then. I guess we would have done the same, but we would need to read a lot on French history to have a clue.
It's hard to tell what the present would have look like if the past had been different. If I recall my lessons on the chaos theory, everything would have been a lot different 'cause one little thing changes the whole.
Maybe winning that war in Quebec would have give more power to France which would have turned the Axies in WW2.
Or maybe the French would have bring the world to the WW2 by invading Europe once again, being the Axies, while USA and britain would have help the Germans to get rid of the French.
You never know!
Maybe all North America would be French and none of the American inventions would have been done.
Maybe the natives would have overcome the French right after and North America would have been kept unspoiled. Or maybe the natives would have declare war to Europe in WW2.